🦬 Biology

Biology calculators cover the quantitative side of genetics and molecular biology: allele and genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, DNA base statistics and molecular weight, and related population genetics measures. Formulas follow standard textbook conventions, and worked examples walk through real data so you can verify the arithmetic. The pages explain the assumptions behind each model, because population genetics results depend on them, and they note where a real population will deviate from the ideal. Sources are named for the standard formulas. The tools are for study and analysis, not for clinical or safety-critical decisions, and they run entirely in your browser. The biology pages note the model assumptions, such as random mating and no selection, and explain what a deviation from equilibrium would mean in practice.

Reviewed by Gavin Meiring, Lead research and primary author · Doctoral Candidate (Corporate Governance) · Research and drafting assisted by AI